![]() If the athlete suffers from chronic fatigue and is unable complete a workout session, his POMS profile can become inverted. These values are employed as a baseline for individual athletes (and in groups) to estimate the dynamics of staleness during the season. Since this computational procedure sometimes yields negative values a constant of 100 is added ( Ten + Dep+ Ang + Fat + Con + 100 – Vig). A global score is computed by adding five negative mood states (tension, depression, anger, fatigue, and confusion) and subtracting the one positive mood state (vigor). The POMS yields five negative mood states measures, one positive mood state, and a global measure of mood. (It has been observed that it was good luck that the developers of the POMS placed the vigor subscale fortuitously in the middle, or there would be no iceberg profile at all!) All five negative mood states fell below the population average ( T-score of 50), and one positive mood state was one standard deviation above the population mean (see Figure 1). This profile has been called the iceberg profile because the resulting configuration resembled an iceberg. Moreover, these individuals usually scored about one standard deviation above the population average on vigor. In his assessments, Morgan used the 65-item POMS and noticed that elite athletes and active individuals in general tend to score below the population average on the tension, depression, anger, fatigue, and confusion scales. William Morgan introduced the term iceberg profile, as a metaphor, in sport in the late 1970s it was based on his systematic research and monitoring of overtraining and staleness in competitive and elite athletes across different sports. Profile of Mood States-Based Iceberg Profile in Sport Like the different levels of an iceberg, deep beneath the patterns are the underlying structures or root causes that create or drive those patterns. Patterns are important to identify because they indicate that an event is not an isolated incident. In this case, at the tip above the water are events happening in the world below the waterline there are often patterns or the recurrence of events. It is also helpful for understanding of global issues and is often used in systems thinking. The iceberg graphically demonstrates the idea of having both visible and invisible structures interact. The iceberg diagram has also been helpful to identify some of the crucial aspects and influences in management and organizational settings. ![]() That is why the iceberg profile as an image, principle, or a model is popular in various contexts. Another interesting feature of the iceberg profile, which should be emphasized, is its ability to identify the interactive effects of the components of different phenomena. The principle gets its name from the fact that only about one tenth of an iceberg’s mass can be seen above the water’s surface, while about nine tenths of it is submerged and invisible. The iceberg image is often used metaphorically to represent the notion that only a very small amount (the tip) of information about a situation is available or visible whereas the real bulk of data is either unavailable or otherwise hidden. Iceberg Profile as a MetaphorĪn iceberg ( ice mountain, from Middle Dutch ijsberg Norwegian isberg) is a large mass of ice floating in the sea. This entry examines the utility of the iceberg profile in description of interaction effects of multiple negative and positive mood states affecting preparation and athletic performance. The iceberg profile as a metaphoric image has been employed for better understanding of emotion–performance relationships and well-being in competitive and high-level athletes. The iceberg profile in sport is a visual representation of desirable emotional health status, characterized by low raw scores on the tension, depression, anger, fatigue, and confusion scales and above norms (the “water line”) on vigor as assessed by the Profile of Mood States (POMS). ![]()
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